{"id":19442,"date":"2022-03-31T14:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-03-31T14:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/?p=19442"},"modified":"2025-09-28T14:02:48","modified_gmt":"2025-09-28T11:02:48","slug":"windows-11-desactiver-windows-defender","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/windows-11-desactiver-windows-defender\/","title":{"rendered":"Windows 11 : Comment d\u00e9sactiver Windows Defender [4 fa\u00e7ons]"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Avec l&rsquo;essor de Windows, Microsoft a rendu les divers outils natifs de plus en plus difficile \u00e0 enlever. Sur ce, pas mal d&rsquo;utilisateurs s&rsquo;interrogent sur les diff\u00e9rents moyens de d\u00e9sactiver Windows Defender dans Windows 11, le plus frais OS lanc\u00e9 par le g\u00e9ant de Redmond.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Est-ce possible d\u00e9j\u00e0 et quel serait l&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat de vouloir l&rsquo;\u00e9liminer ? Voici les sujets sur lesquels nous allons nous pencher par la suite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sur la voie de la refonte\u2026<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>L&rsquo;histoire commence avec Windows Defender. Suite aux divers remaniements subis, cet outil de protection contre les virus a pris le nom de Microsoft Defender Antivirus et \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, on le retrouve sous la d\u00e9nomination de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Windows, dans Windows 11.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bien que son r\u00f4le soit noble \u00e0 la base &#8211; prot\u00e9ger votre PC contre l&rsquo;infiltration des logiciels malveillants et veiller \u00e0 que ce votre appareil soit g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement en bonne sant\u00e9 &#8211; il y a des contextes qui imposent la d\u00e9sactivation de cette couche de d\u00e9fense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pourquoi supprimer Windows Defender ?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour la plupart d&rsquo;entre nous, Windows Defender est une solution mod\u00e9r\u00e9ment efficace, mais plut\u00f4t basique. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ainsi, les utilisateurs pr\u00e9f\u00e8rent recourir aux <a href=\"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/meilleurs-antivirus-windows-11\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">antivirus tiers pour Windows 11<\/a>, qui sont souvent plus performants, plus vigilants et plus puissants. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p>Si tel est le cas, conserver Windows Defender simultan\u00e9ment peut avoir des cons\u00e9quences d\u00e9sagr\u00e9ables, comme suit:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Consommation excessive des ressources (CPU, batterie, etc.)<\/li><li>Interf\u00e9rences et conflits caus\u00e9s par les deux applications aux fins similaires<\/li><li>Blocages au niveau de l&rsquo;installation, ex\u00e9cution ou fonctionnement de certains programmes tiers<\/li><li>Erreurs et anomalies au niveau du fonctionnement global du syst\u00e8me<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Comment d\u00e9sactiver Windows Defender sur Windows 11 ?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Utilisez les Param\u00e8tres (D\u00e9sactivation temporaire)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Appuyez simultan\u00e9ment les touches <kbd>Windows + I<\/kbd> sur votre clavier pour ouvrir l&rsquo;application <strong>Param\u00e8tres<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Dans le volet de gauche, s\u00e9lectionnez <strong>Confidentialit\u00e9 et s\u00e9curit\u00e9<\/strong>. <a href=\"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Securite-Windows-sous-Windows-11.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"763\" height=\"500\" class=\"wp-image-19460\" style=\"width: 763px\" src=\"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Securite-Windows-sous-Windows-11.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Securite-Windows-sous-Windows-11.jpg 763w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Securite-Windows-sous-Windows-11-320x210.jpg 320w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Securite-Windows-sous-Windows-11-120x79.jpg 120w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Securite-Windows-sous-Windows-11-140x92.jpg 140w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Securite-Windows-sous-Windows-11-64x42.jpg 64w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 763px) 100vw, 763px\" \/><\/a><\/li><li>La section <em>S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Windows<\/em> s&rsquo;affichera sur le panneau central. Veuillez appuyer sur bouton <strong>Ouvrir S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Windows<\/strong>. <a href=\"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Ouvrir-Securite-Windows-dans-Windows-11.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"637\" height=\"595\" class=\"wp-image-19461\" style=\"width: 637px\" src=\"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Ouvrir-Securite-Windows-dans-Windows-11.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Ouvrir-Securite-Windows-dans-Windows-11.jpg 637w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Ouvrir-Securite-Windows-dans-Windows-11-225x210.jpg 225w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Ouvrir-Securite-Windows-dans-Windows-11-120x112.jpg 120w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Ouvrir-Securite-Windows-dans-Windows-11-140x131.jpg 140w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Ouvrir-Securite-Windows-dans-Windows-11-64x60.jpg 64w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 637px) 100vw, 637px\" \/><\/a><\/li><li>Dans la nouvelle fen\u00eatre, veuillez s\u00e9lectionner l\u2019onglet <strong>Protection contre les virus et menaces<\/strong>. <a href=\"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Protection-contre-les-virus-et-menaces-dans-Windows-11.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"740\" height=\"500\" class=\"wp-image-19462\" style=\"width: 740px\" src=\"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Protection-contre-les-virus-et-menaces-dans-Windows-11.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Protection-contre-les-virus-et-menaces-dans-Windows-11.jpg 740w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Protection-contre-les-virus-et-menaces-dans-Windows-11-311x210.jpg 311w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Protection-contre-les-virus-et-menaces-dans-Windows-11-120x81.jpg 120w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Protection-contre-les-virus-et-menaces-dans-Windows-11-140x95.jpg 140w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Protection-contre-les-virus-et-menaces-dans-Windows-11-64x43.jpg 64w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px\" \/><\/a><\/li><li>Sous la section <em>Param\u00e8tres de protection contre les virus et menaces<\/em>, appuyez sur <strong>G\u00e9rer les param\u00e8tres<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Dans cet \u00e9cran, vous pouvez proc\u00e9der \u00e0 la d\u00e9sactivation des options propos\u00e9es, notamment le param\u00e8tre <strong>Protection en temps r\u00e9el<\/strong> doit passer sur <em>D\u00e9sactiv\u00e9<\/em>.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Comment d\u00e9sactiver Windows Defender pour toujours ?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Utilisez l&rsquo;\u00c9diteur du Registre<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Tout d&rsquo;abord, ouvrez la section&nbsp;<em>S\u00e9curit\u00e9&nbsp;Windows<\/em>&nbsp;et choisissez de&nbsp;d\u00e9sactiver&nbsp;l&rsquo;option <strong>Protection contre les falsifications<\/strong>. <a href=\"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Protection-contre-les-falsifications.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"870\" height=\"500\" class=\"wp-image-19465\" style=\"width: 870px\" src=\"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Protection-contre-les-falsifications.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Protection-contre-les-falsifications.jpg 870w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Protection-contre-les-falsifications-330x190.jpg 330w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Protection-contre-les-falsifications-120x69.jpg 120w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Protection-contre-les-falsifications-140x80.jpg 140w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Protection-contre-les-falsifications-64x37.jpg 64w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\" \/><\/a><\/li><li>Ensuite, appuyez sur la loupe disponible sur la barre de recherche et tapez&nbsp;<strong>regedit<\/strong>&nbsp;pour ouvrir l&rsquo;<em>\u00c9diteur du Registre<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/regedit-pour-ouvrir-editeur-du-registre.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"570\" class=\"wp-image-19427\" style=\"width: 900px\" src=\"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/regedit-pour-ouvrir-editeur-du-registre.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/regedit-pour-ouvrir-editeur-du-registre.jpg 900w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/regedit-pour-ouvrir-editeur-du-registre-330x210.jpg 330w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/regedit-pour-ouvrir-editeur-du-registre-120x76.jpg 120w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/regedit-pour-ouvrir-editeur-du-registre-140x89.jpg 140w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/regedit-pour-ouvrir-editeur-du-registre-64x41.jpg 64w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/a><\/li><li>Dans le volet de gauche, identifiez la&nbsp;cl\u00e9&nbsp;<code><strong>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Policies\\Microsoft\\Windows&nbsp;Defender<\/strong><\/code><\/li><li>Sur le panneau central, veuillez chercher l&rsquo;entr\u00e9e&nbsp;DWORD&nbsp;baptis\u00e9e&nbsp;<strong>DisableAntiSpyware<\/strong>.&nbsp;Faites un clic droit dessus et d\u00e9finissez sa valeur sur <strong>1<\/strong>, puis appuyez sur <strong>OK<\/strong>.<\/li><li>\u00c0 ce point, il est possible que cette mention ne figure pas dans votre registre.&nbsp;Si tel est le cas, il va falloir la cr\u00e9er.<\/li><li>Pour ce faire, faites tout simplement un clic droit sur le fichier <em>Windows&nbsp;Defender<\/em>&nbsp;disponible dans le volet de gauche.<\/li><li>Ensuite,&nbsp;s\u00e9lectionnez&nbsp;<strong>Nouveau<\/strong>, puis&nbsp;<em>Cl\u00e9<\/em>&nbsp;et choisissez <strong>Valeur&nbsp;DWORD&nbsp;32 bits<\/strong>. <a href=\"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Supprimer-Windows-Defender-dans-Windows-11-avec-editeur-de-registre.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"925\" height=\"598\" class=\"wp-image-19466\" style=\"width: 925px\" src=\"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Supprimer-Windows-Defender-dans-Windows-11-avec-editeur-de-registre.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Supprimer-Windows-Defender-dans-Windows-11-avec-editeur-de-registre.png 925w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Supprimer-Windows-Defender-dans-Windows-11-avec-editeur-de-registre-325x210.png 325w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Supprimer-Windows-Defender-dans-Windows-11-avec-editeur-de-registre-120x78.png 120w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Supprimer-Windows-Defender-dans-Windows-11-avec-editeur-de-registre-140x91.png 140w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Supprimer-Windows-Defender-dans-Windows-11-avec-editeur-de-registre-64x41.png 64w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 925px) 100vw, 925px\" \/><\/a><\/li><li>Il ne vous reste qu&rsquo;\u00e0&nbsp;nommer cette nouvelle&nbsp;entr\u00e9e&nbsp;<em>DisableAntiSpyware<\/em>&nbsp;et&nbsp;\u00e0 passer son&nbsp;param\u00e8tre&nbsp;de valeur sur <strong>1<\/strong>, comme&nbsp;montr\u00e9&nbsp;en haut.<\/li><li>Enfin, red\u00e9marrez votre PC pour que les changements entrent en vigueur.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Utilisez PowerShell<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Servez-vous du menu <em>D\u00e9marrer<\/em> pour ouvrir l&rsquo;application <strong>PowerShell<\/strong> avec privil\u00e8ges administratifs.<\/li><li>Ensuite, tapez cette commande dans la zone de saisie: <code><strong>Uninstall-WindowsFeature -Name Windows-Defender<\/strong><\/code> <a href=\"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Desactiver-Windows-Defender-avec-Powershell-Windows-11.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"696\" height=\"407\" class=\"wp-image-19469\" style=\"width: 696px\" src=\"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Desactiver-Windows-Defender-avec-Powershell-Windows-11.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Desactiver-Windows-Defender-avec-Powershell-Windows-11.png 696w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Desactiver-Windows-Defender-avec-Powershell-Windows-11-330x193.png 330w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Desactiver-Windows-Defender-avec-Powershell-Windows-11-120x70.png 120w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Desactiver-Windows-Defender-avec-Powershell-Windows-11-140x82.png 140w, https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/03\/Desactiver-Windows-Defender-avec-Powershell-Windows-11-64x37.png 64w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 696px) 100vw, 696px\" \/><\/a><\/li><li>Microsoft Defender (ou bien Windows Defender) sera d\u00e9sinstall\u00e9 au bout de quelques instants.<\/li><li>Enfin, red\u00e9marrez votre PC pour que les changements prennent effet.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Utilisez l&rsquo;\u00c9diteur de strat\u00e9gie de groupe locale<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Tout comme dans le cas de l&rsquo;\u00c9diteur du Registre, il faut d&rsquo;abord d\u00e9sactiver&nbsp;l&rsquo;option <strong>Protection contre les falsifications<\/strong>&nbsp;(\u00e0 partir de la section&nbsp;<strong>S\u00e9curit\u00e9&nbsp;Windows<\/strong>, <em>Param\u00e8tres<\/em>).<\/li><li>Ensuite, ouvrez le menu <strong>Ex\u00e9cuter<\/strong> en utilisant le raccourci du clavier <kbd>Windows + R<\/kbd>.<\/li><li>Tapez&nbsp;<strong>gpedit.msc<\/strong>&nbsp;dans la zone de saisie et appuyez sur <em>OK<\/em>.<\/li><li>\u00c0 l&rsquo;aide du volet de gauche, identifiez ce chemin :&nbsp;<code><strong>Configuration&nbsp;ordinateur\\Mod\u00e8les&nbsp;d\u2019administration\\Composants&nbsp;Windows\\Antivirus&nbsp;Microsoft&nbsp;Defender<\/strong><\/code><\/li><li>Faites un&nbsp;double clic&nbsp;sur <strong>D\u00e9sactiver l\u2019antivirus Microsoft&nbsp;Defender<\/strong>&nbsp;et passez l&rsquo;option sur <em>Activer<\/em>.<\/li><li>Red\u00e9marrez votre PC pour enregistrer les modifications.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quoi d\u2019autre dois-je savoir ?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u27a1 <strong>L&rsquo;\u00c9diteur&nbsp;de strat\u00e9gie de groupe locale est uniquement disponible sur les versions Pro<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Notez que l&rsquo;<em>\u00c9diteur&nbsp;de strat\u00e9gie de groupe locale<\/em> est uniquement disponible sur les <strong>versions Pro<\/strong> de Windows 10, respectivement de Windows 11. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cette option ne sera pas inclue par default dans les \u00e9ditions <em>Famille ou Home<\/em>, raison pour laquelle il va falloir t\u00e9l\u00e9charger un fichier additionnel et ex\u00e9cuter un script afin d&rsquo;activer<strong> gpedit.msc<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p>N&rsquo;h\u00e9sitez pas \u00e0 explorer de plus pr\u00e8s les diverses possibilit\u00e9s s&rsquo;offrant \u00e0 vous pour effectuer une <a href=\"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/windows-11-sauvegarde-disque-dur-externe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">sauvegarde en disque dur externe sur Windows 11<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u27a1 <strong>L&rsquo;\u00c9diteur&nbsp;de strat\u00e9gie de groupe locale<\/strong> <strong>d\u00e9sactive, mais ne d\u00e9sinstalle pas Windows Defender<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Si jamais vous constatez que Windows Defender se r\u00e9active tout seul, il va falloir intervenir plus profond\u00e9ment et modifier la r\u00e8gle GPO aff\u00e9rente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Voici comment d\u00e9sactiver Windows Defender sous Windows 11, temporairement ou bien d\u00e9finitivement, selon vos besoins et vos n\u00e9cessit\u00e9s. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rien n&rsquo;est trop compliqu\u00e9, il vous suffit de suivre ce petit guide pas-\u00e0-pas pour y arriver.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Avec l&rsquo;essor de Windows, Microsoft a rendu les divers outils natifs de plus en plus difficile \u00e0 enlever. Sur ce, pas mal d&rsquo;utilisateurs s&rsquo;interrogent sur les diff\u00e9rents moyens de d\u00e9sactiver Windows Defender dans Windows 11, le plus frais OS lanc\u00e9 par le g\u00e9ant de Redmond. Est-ce possible d\u00e9j\u00e0 et quel serait l&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat de vouloir l&rsquo;\u00e9liminer [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":252,"featured_media":19474,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_enabled_clarity":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[10842],"tags":[10255,10510],"work":[10861,10862],"class_list":["post-19442","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-windows-11-guides","tag-microsoft-defender","tag-windows-11","work-exclude-last-cta","work-exclude-mid-cta"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Windows 11 : Comment d\u00e9sactiver Windows Defender [4 fa\u00e7ons]<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Souhaitez-vous d\u00e9sactiver Windows Defender sur Windows 11 ? 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