{"id":26676,"date":"2026-10-27T21:54:41","date_gmt":"2026-10-27T21:54:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/?p=26676"},"modified":"2026-10-27T22:11:02","modified_gmt":"2026-10-27T22:11:02","slug":"ce-que-fait-reellement-le-quantum-control-stack","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/windowsreport.com\/fr\/ce-que-fait-reellement-le-quantum-control-stack\/","title":{"rendered":"Ce que fait r\u00e9ellement le Quantum Control Stack"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Aucun programme quantique n\u2019interagit directement avec un qubit. Parce que les qubits r\u00e9sident dans un mat\u00e9riel analogique physique, chaque syst\u00e8me d\u2019informatique quantique repose sur une couche interm\u00e9diaire essentielle appel\u00e9e la pile de contr\u00f4le. Ce pont critique traduit des instructions num\u00e9riques de haut niveau en signaux physiques pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment form\u00e9s et interpr\u00e8te les faibles r\u00e9ponses quantiques du processeur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En r\u00e9sum\u00e9, une pile de contr\u00f4le convertit du code abstrait en impulsions synchronis\u00e9es qui manipulent les \u00e9tats des qubits, puis retraduit les mesures physiques en donn\u00e9es classiques. Elle coordonne la synchronisation multicanale et prend en charge le retour d\u2019information \u00e0 faible latence, permettant aux r\u00e9sultats en cours d\u2019exp\u00e9rience d\u2019orienter les op\u00e9rations suivantes. Faire le pont entre les algorithmes logiciels et la manipulation physique des qubits exige une ing\u00e9nierie mat\u00e9rielle et syst\u00e8me sophistiqu\u00e9e \u2014 un d\u00e9fi central auquel est confront\u00e9e toute entreprise sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e en <a href=\"https:\/\/qblox.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">informatique quantique<\/a> lors de la conception de l\u2019\u00e9lectronique de contr\u00f4le et des lignes de signal entourant un processeur quantique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-+<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Logiciel quantique &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; |<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp; (Algorithmes, op\u00e9rations de haut niveau, code utilisateur) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; |<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;+&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;+<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;v<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-+<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;| &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Planificateur et s\u00e9quenceur &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; |<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp; (Ordonnancement des instructions, synchronisation mat\u00e9rielle pr\u00e9cise) &nbsp; &nbsp; |<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;+&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;+<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;v<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-+<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;| &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; G\u00e9n\u00e9ration de signaux et lecture &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; |<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp; (Mise en forme des impulsions, conversion RF\/micro-ondes\/laser, CAN)&nbsp; |<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;+&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;+<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;v<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-+<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Processeur de qubits&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; |<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|&nbsp; (Boucles supraconductrices, qubits de spin, ions pi\u00e9g\u00e9s) &nbsp; |<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-+<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-signal-generation-and-readout-drive-execution\"><strong>Comment la g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de signaux et la lecture pilotent l\u2019ex\u00e9cution<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>La pile de contr\u00f4le fonctionne selon un cycle continu et orchestr\u00e9 de g\u00e9n\u00e9ration d\u2019impulsions et de lecture des signaux sur chaque canal actif.<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>G\u00e9n\u00e9ration d\u2019impulsions<\/strong>&nbsp;: Manipuler l\u2019\u00e9tat quantique d\u2019un qubit n\u00e9cessite des signaux physiques param\u00e9tr\u00e9s par la fr\u00e9quence, l\u2019amplitude, la phase, la forme et la dur\u00e9e. Les qubits supraconducteurs d\u00e9pendent d\u2019impulsions micro-ondes soigneusement modul\u00e9es, les qubits de spin \u00e0 semi-conducteurs n\u00e9cessitent souvent une combinaison d\u2019impulsions micro-ondes et d\u2019un r\u00e9glage rapide de la tension, et les architectures adress\u00e9es optiquement reposent sur un contr\u00f4le laser de pr\u00e9cision.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Lecture du signal<\/strong>&nbsp;: L\u2019\u00e9lectronique de lecture capture, amplifie et filtre les faibles signaux analogiques renvoy\u00e9s par le dispositif quantique. Des convertisseurs analogique-num\u00e9rique (CAN) \u00e0 haute vitesse \u00e9chantillonnent ces signaux, ce qui permet \u00e0 la logique de traitement num\u00e9rique d\u2019int\u00e9grer les donn\u00e9es sur une fen\u00eatre de mesure d\u00e9sign\u00e9e et de classer le r\u00e9sultat final comme un 0 ou un 1 binaire classique.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c9tant donn\u00e9 que les signaux de lecture sont intrins\u00e8quement vuln\u00e9rables au bruit environnemental, aux fluctuations thermiques et \u00e0 la d\u00e9rive des instruments, une classification pr\u00e9cise de l\u2019\u00e9tat est rarement simple. De plus, une mesure projette le qubit dans un \u00e9tat d\u00e9fini, produisant des donn\u00e9es classiques binaires plut\u00f4t que de r\u00e9v\u00e9ler sa fonction d\u2019onde quantique compl\u00e8te sous-jacente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-real-time-synchronization-and-low-latency-feedback\"><strong>Synchronisation en temps r\u00e9el et retour d\u2019information \u00e0 faible latence<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>La pr\u00e9cision temporelle et l\u2019alignement de phase d\u00e9terminent en fin de compte le succ\u00e8s ou l\u2019\u00e9chec d\u2019un programme quantique. Une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence d\u2019horloge centralis\u00e9e garantit que tous les canaux de contr\u00f4le et de lecture restent \u00e9troitement synchronis\u00e9s, emp\u00eachant la gigue temporelle (de minuscules variations des temps d\u2019arriv\u00e9e des signaux) de d\u00e9grader la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 globale des portes. Une ex\u00e9cution d\u00e9terministe est obligatoire&nbsp;; les op\u00e9rations mat\u00e9rielles doivent respecter des calendriers stricts \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle de la microseconde ou de la nanoseconde sans s\u2019appuyer sur des syst\u00e8mes d\u2019exploitation standard qui introduisent des d\u00e9lais impr\u00e9visibles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>+&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;+ &nbsp; &nbsp; Impulsion&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; +&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;+<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>|&nbsp; Logique de contr\u00f4le &nbsp; | &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-&gt; | Syst\u00e8me quantique&nbsp; |<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>+&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; +&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;+<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;^ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; |<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;| &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Lecture de r\u00e9troaction&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; |<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-+<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Un retour d\u2019information rapide et d\u00e9terministe permet des techniques telles que la r\u00e9initialisation active de l\u2019\u00e9tat et la correction d\u2019erreurs en temps r\u00e9el. Lorsque le mat\u00e9riel de contr\u00f4le d\u00e9tecte un \u00e9tat inattendu au cours d\u2019une mesure en milieu de circuit, la logique de d\u00e9cision locale peut \u00e9mettre une impulsion corrective pendant la br\u00e8ve fen\u00eatre de coh\u00e9rence du qubit. Alors qu\u2019un ordinateur h\u00f4te standard g\u00e8re l\u2019orchestration globale de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience et la collecte des donn\u00e9es par lots, le mat\u00e9riel de contr\u00f4le temps r\u00e9el d\u00e9di\u00e9 prend en charge les boucles \u00e0 tr\u00e8s faible latence o\u00f9 les d\u00e9lais de traitement sont intol\u00e9rables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-scaling-control-systems-alongside-qubit-counts\"><strong>Mise \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle des syst\u00e8mes de contr\u00f4le avec le nombre de qubits<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Faire \u00e9voluer un processeur quantique implique bien plus que la fabrication de qubits physiques suppl\u00e9mentaires sur une puce. \u00c0 mesure que le nombre de qubits augmente, la complexit\u00e9 du contr\u00f4le cro\u00eet de mani\u00e8re non lin\u00e9aire dans plusieurs dimensions&nbsp;:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Diaphonie et calibrage dynamique<\/strong>&nbsp;: l\u2019exploitation de plusieurs canaux adjacents provoque des interf\u00e9rences entre les signaux. Une impulsion de contr\u00f4le calibr\u00e9e pour un qubit isol\u00e9 n\u00e9cessite souvent des ajustements dynamiques lorsque les canaux voisins \u00e9mettent simultan\u00e9ment.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Charge thermique et \u00e9lectrique<\/strong>&nbsp;: davantage de lignes de contr\u00f4le physiques augmentent la densit\u00e9 de c\u00e2blage, ce qui ajoute du volume physique et des fuites thermiques ind\u00e9sirables dans les unit\u00e9s de refroidissement cryog\u00e9nique.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Surcharge de donn\u00e9es en temps r\u00e9el<\/strong>&nbsp;: l\u2019ex\u00e9cution de cycles continus de correction d\u2019erreurs quantiques augmente consid\u00e9rablement le volume de donn\u00e9es de mesure et de d\u00e9cisions de r\u00e9troaction que le syst\u00e8me doit traiter par seconde.<br><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Par cons\u00e9quent, les nombres de qubits mis en avant offrent une vision incompl\u00e8te des capacit\u00e9s totales du syst\u00e8me. Les performances globales d\u00e9pendent autant de la capacit\u00e9 de la pile de contr\u00f4le \u00e0 coordonner la synchronisation, \u00e0 maintenir un calibrage pr\u00e9cis et \u00e0 ex\u00e9cuter un retour d\u2019information \u00e0 faible latence sous des charges de travail op\u00e9rationnelles denses que des qubits eux-m\u00eames.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-key-technical-questions\"><strong>Questions techniques cl\u00e9s<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>La pile de contr\u00f4le g\u00e8re-t-elle la correction d\u2019erreurs quantiques ?<\/strong> La pile de contr\u00f4le fournit les boucles de mesure et de r\u00e9troaction rapides n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 l\u2019att\u00e9nuation des erreurs, mais la tol\u00e9rance aux pannes d\u00e9pend de la latence mat\u00e9rielle, des codes correcteurs d\u2019erreurs et de la qualit\u00e9 sous-jacente des qubits. Pour une base th\u00e9orique plus approfondie sur la mani\u00e8re dont les commandes micro-ondes interagissent avec les circuits quantiques, consultez la recherche fondatrice sur <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2105.09308\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">les concepts et l\u2019architecture de l\u2019\u00e9lectrodynamique quantique en circuit<\/a>.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Une \u00e9lectronique de contr\u00f4le optimis\u00e9e peut-elle am\u00e9liorer la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 des portes ? <\/strong>Une \u00e9lectronique de haute pr\u00e9cision r\u00e9duit le bruit de phase, la d\u00e9rive d\u2019amplitude et la gigue temporelle, augmentant directement la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 des portes. Toutefois, comme expliqu\u00e9 dans la vue d\u2019ensemble d\u00e9taill\u00e9e, <a href=\"https:\/\/aip.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1063\/1.5089550\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Guide de l\u2019ing\u00e9nieur quantique sur les qubits supraconducteurs<\/a>, les am\u00e9liorations du contr\u00f4le ne peuvent pas surmonter les contraintes physiques de base telles que les d\u00e9fauts des mat\u00e9riaux ou la d\u00e9coh\u00e9rence intrins\u00e8que.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Le mat\u00e9riel de contr\u00f4le est-il compatible entre les diff\u00e9rentes architectures de qubits ? <\/strong>Si les principes de planification et de s\u00e9quen\u00e7age de haut niveau sont transposables, les interfaces mat\u00e9rielles physiques diff\u00e8rent fondamentalement. Les cha\u00eenes de contr\u00f4le micro-ondes con\u00e7ues pour les circuits supraconducteurs ne peuvent pas piloter directement les montages optiques utilis\u00e9s dans les syst\u00e8mes \u00e0 ions pi\u00e9g\u00e9s, ni les sources de tension pr\u00e9cises n\u00e9cessaires aux qubits de spin \u00e0 semi-conducteurs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Aucun programme quantique n\u2019interagit directement avec un qubit. Parce que les qubits r\u00e9sident dans un mat\u00e9riel analogique physique, chaque syst\u00e8me d\u2019informatique quantique repose sur une couche interm\u00e9diaire essentielle appel\u00e9e la pile de contr\u00f4le. Ce pont critique traduit des instructions num\u00e9riques de haut niveau en signaux physiques pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment form\u00e9s et interpr\u00e8te les faibles r\u00e9ponses quantiques du [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2263,"featured_media":26677,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_enabled_clarity":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[10900],"tags":[],"work":[],"class_list":["post-26676","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-software"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.7 (Yoast SEO v28.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ce que fait r\u00e9ellement le Quantum Control Stack<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Une pile de contr\u00f4le convertit du code abstrait en impulsions synchronis\u00e9es qui manipulent les \u00e9tats des 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